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{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "NewsArticle", "dateCreated": "2024-12-17T21:54:31+02:00", "datePublished": "2024-12-17T21:54:31+02:00", "dateModified": "2024-12-17T21:54:29+02:00", "url": "https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/22660/news/rwanda/rwandas-first-multiparty-politics-reflected-divisions-of-late-colonial-period", "headline": "Rwanda’s first multiparty politics reflected divisions of late colonial period", "description": "Rwanda’s colonial history is one marred with ambivalences. It is one of the worst socio-economic realities. Its philosophy was based on divide and...", "keywords": "", "inLanguage": "en", "mainEntityOfPage":{ "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/22660/news/rwanda/rwandas-first-multiparty-politics-reflected-divisions-of-late-colonial-period" }, "thumbnailUrl": "https://www.newtimes.co.rw/thenewtimes/uploads/images/2024/12/17/66658.jpg", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.newtimes.co.rw/thenewtimes/uploads/images/2024/12/17/66658.jpg" }, "articleBody": "Rwanda’s colonial history is one marred with ambivalences. It is one of the worst socio-economic realities. Its philosophy was based on divide and rule. The indivisible Rwandan society, going by scientific parametres, had to be divided at any cost basing on concocted fallacies. It was to cost Rwandans so much. Political parties at the beginning lacked insight into real intentions of colonialism. In 1960, the transition from what PARMEHUTU called a feudal, colonialist and racist monarchy had become impossible. PARMEHUTU put forward the idea of two confederated regions, one for the Tutsi and the other for the Hutu. They drew examples from the Flemish and Walloons in Belgium. ALSO READ: A glance at socio-political chaos that followed Rudahigwa’s sudden death This was submitted to the United Nations and areas suitable for each group were proposed. To them, the Tutsi and the Hutu differed fundamentally. The advocates of two zones for each group centred on the idea that one group would be eliminated. The racial myth created by the colonialists for ulterior motives had gripped Rwandan politicians. This serialized narrative aimed at charting the objective history of Rwandans. Rwandans from time immemorial lived together intertwining and intermingling. Legend has it that Gihanga, the creator of Rwanda, crisscrossed the region and went up to Bunyabungo (in today’s DR Congo). Wherever he passed and lived he was welcome thanks to his civility and technological know-how. He would be given a daughter in marriage. ALSO READ: How circumstances overtook Kigeli V Ndahindurwa Gihanga was versed in metalwork, woodwork and pottery as well as in hunting, cattle rearing and fire making. He is believed to have had talents in leadership, technology and spirituality. Buhanga, in today’s Musanze District, is believed to have been the cradle of Rwanda nation-state. There he was with all the wives he got across his itinerary. Programmes for most political parties had similarities. The difference lay in internal autonomy and independence. UNAR party wanted independence from Belgian colonialists and with no strings attached. Internal autonomy which meant collaboration with Belgians was rejected. The other three parties wanted the democratization of the country first. Gitera saw independence as a witch hunt of whites. To him it was the same as bringing back supposed forced labour, exploitation and tyranny of the Tutsi. ALSO READ: Mutara III Rudahigwa became Belgian choice after Musinga’s disgrace Political parties began campaigns after the approval of the multiparty system. UNAR opposed colonialism. In the meeting of September 1959 held at Nyamirambo, its leaders discussed national unity, autonomy and independence. In the beginning, UNAR is said to have enjoyed success because of their political stand. This made most chiefs and sub-chiefs join the party. One R. Lemarchand, A French-American political scientist attributed UNAR’s success to nationalism, which united all Rwandans towards progress in all forms. In 1995 he was to write the book: “Rwanda: The Rationality of Genocide”. He will be of help in this series as we progress to project objective Rwandan history. UNAR met strong opposition from the trusteeship administration and to an extent the Catholic church. The Belgian colonial administration used all means to destabilize UNAR. Three influential chiefs in UNAR: M. Kayihura, P. Mungarulire and C. Rwangombwa were transferred maliciously. A pretext was hatched accusing them for having attended UNAR meeting when they were civil servants. The trusteeship administration sabotaged UNAR during campaigns. Bishops Bigirumwami and Perraudin are said to have warned Catholics against UNAR. UNAR thought that those who were not with them were against the country. By demanding immediate independence and breaking ties with the metropolitan power earned them being accused of collaboration with other African nationalists, hence their inclination to communism. Political party activities are yet in progress and more is to come as we move forward.", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Peter Ruti" }, "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "The New Times", "url": "https://www.newtimes.co.rw/", "sameAs": ["https://www.facebook.com/TheNewTimesRwanda/","https://twitter.com/NewTimesRwanda","https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuZbZj6DF9zWXpdZVceDZkg"], "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "/theme_newtimes/images/logo.png", "width": 270, "height": 57 } }, "copyrightHolder": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "The New Times", "url": "https://www.newtimes.co.rw/" } }AUS vs IND, 4th Test, Day 3 Live: Task Cut Out For Team India After Losing Flurry Of Wickets At MCG
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Mumbai: Bollywood superstar Salman Khan finally spoke about his viral video from 1998, where he was in a police station in Jodhpur over the ongoing infamous blackbuck poaching case and was given the tag of being “arrogant”. The video in question was about the actor in the police station and due to his body language there he was tagged as “arrogant.” During the Weekend Ka Vaar episode, Salman recalled the moment while having a conversation with Rajat Dalal, over the contestant’s body language in the show. Talking about his old video, Salman said: “If you have seen my old clips, it might seem like, ‘Look at Salman Khan, how arrogantly he is sitting at a police station’. But mera koi involvement tha hi nahi toh main vaha par jaake daru kyu? (There was no involvement of mine in that, so why should I be scared?)” The “Dabangg” star said that now when he looks back, he realises he should have respected the uniform irrespective of his involvement in the blackbuck poaching case. “When an official or senior person arrives, you stand up and respect their badge and their uniform. Today, when I see those old clips, I don’t feel good about the incident myself. Woh bachpane mein kya harkat kar gaya main (That was juvenile behaviour),” he said. “I have a style of walking, a body language, which I cannot change now, but people think that’s arrogance. No, it’s not.” The star was then seen schooling Rajat for talking about “connections” in the outside world. “We all have bid goodbye to our past life when we were 17-18. I had gone and apologised to everyone. Bhai jitne jhagde the, chhod diya, hero bann raha hoon (We had fights, left all of that, I was becoming a hero). And everyone supported me in the journey. That is how it should be if you want to start work in this industry.”Hegseth meets with moderate Sen. Collins as he lobbies for key votes in the SenateDEPRIVING most old folk of their winter fuel allowance was the meanest, and daftest, thing Labour has done. The decision within days of taking office was wrong in principle, ill-timed and amateurishly presented. It provoked widespread anger. And the absence of an impact assessment was unforgivable. Ministers should have known – or, at least, tried to find out – what the consequences would be. Now we know, they did, in secret. Four months later, we are finding out from their own statistics. Work and Pensions Secretary Liz Kendall reveals that her officials made an internal assessment that 100,000 more pensioners would be pushed into poverty. So they knew what would happen, but still carried on. They decided not to tell millions of pensioners affected by their “tough decision”. And this is a Labour government? as former leader Neil Kinnock might have said. The shameful truth emerges from Whitehall as freezing temperatures grip the country and inflation rises sharply again because of soaring fuel prices. It’s not too late for a U-turn on this deeply-unpopular hit. Scottish Labour have promised to bring back the winter fuel allowance there if they gain power north of the border. Many Labour MPs are unhappy with what is being done in their name. They should listen to the voters, not the government Whips ordering them to follow the government like sheep. They should remember the sheep with the bell round its neck in the abattoir survives, and the rest perish. Yo, ho, ho and a bottle of rum! But not, perhaps, the new hooch on sale at Highgrove, the King’s Gloucestershire retreat. Not, me hearties, at £44.95 a bottle, even if it is infused with honey from the royal hives. I’m partial to dark rum, usually at the end of a session when I should know better. Thankfully, I can’t stand whisky. The King’s limited edition costs an eye-watering £250. Limits not specified.
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Amazon knocks £40 off ghd Gold Hair Straighteners ahead of ChristmasMan killed in collision involving lorry named as 58-year-old Gary McMahon Police at the scene of the fatal collision in north Belfast and (inset) crash victim Gary McMahon More lives will be lost if the “dangerous” roads in north Belfast are not made safer for cyclists, a city councillor has warned after a man in his 50s was killed. On Thursday morning, Clifton Street in north Belfast between Carlisle Circus and Donegall Street was closed for several hours following a crash involving a cyclist and a lorry.
Hail Flutie: BC celebrates 40th anniversary of Miracle in MiamiBy Teeuwe Mevissen, senior macro strategist at Rabobank Did we leave behind the cost of living crisis? Obviously this depends on one’ s financial situation but for some money ain’t a thang as Jermaine Dupri would say. Recently the ‘art’ concept ‘ the comedian’ was auctioned via the legendary auction house Sotheby’s. A crypto ‘investor’ is now the new and proud owner of a banana and a roll of silver coloured duct tape. The price? $6.2 million and up from $ 120K in 2019 . This is still peanuts compared to the Magritte that was also auctioned at the other legendary auction house Christie’s and sold at the hefty price of $121 million . More money more problems? Or more money more bananas? It’s likely bananas since it all seems bananas nowadays. Yesterday for instance, Russia rattled it’s nuclear sabre once more because it apparently thinks that it’s only Russia’s privilege to use long range weapons obtained from its pariah partners. This was after the West had to discuss bananas once more to finally decide that certain types of weapon systems could be used by Ukraine - and if so - how. Or maybe instead we should discuss how to end the war in 24 hours without addressing and more importantly solving the true underlying problem(s). Looking at bitcoin one might think that all problems have already been solved. At the moment of writing bitcoin is approaching $100.000 because of expectations of a pro-crypto administration and also indicating that there is plenty of risk appetite in various corners. Stock markets also seem to have brushed off the recent escalation regarding the war in Ukraine with a Dow Jones close to reaching a level of 44,000. But when one takes a look at eurodollar, the exchange rate diving below a level of 1.05 seems to indicate that there is plenty of (geopolitical) risk and market participants are looking for safe havens. Weak data from Europe this morning, obviously are not helpful here. Regardless let’s discuss bananas simply because it’s all bananas. So let’s switch from bananas to economic data which in some cases is actually more related to each other than one might think. While the data calendar of yesterday did not have much to offer, today markets will be offered more insights. UK retail sales volumes fell 0.7% in October, after a revised 0.1% rise in September (down from 0.3%). Monthly retail sales look like a seesaw, often swayed by factors like weather. Over the three months to October 2024, volumes rose 0.8% compared to the three months to July, and 2.4% year-on-year. However, they remain 1.5% below pre-pandemic levels from February 2020, highlighting the lasting impact of weak growth and inflation. Germany’s Q3 growth was revised down to 0.1% q/q from 0.2%. While this still beats the initial forecasts, the economy’s business model is faltering, and storm clouds loom for next year, particularly with Trump tariffs on the horizon. Preliminary data measuring European purchase manager indices paint a harrowing picture of sentiment in both the services as well as in the manufacturing sector. Sentiment in the French services sector dropped sharply and came in much lower than expected (45.7 vs 49 expected). Sentiment in the French manufacturing sector also disappointed coming in at 43.2 vs 44.5 expected). Both indices indicating an economic downturn. The survey also highlighted that ‘cost pressures’ remain a concern (even in France where wage growth is considerably lower than in, for example, Germany). Operational expenses increased at the fastest rate in 3 months, albeit at a limited rate compared to the series average. Many panellists cited higher wages as the main reason for the cost increases. Output charges rose, but this was fully driven by services providers; manufacturing gave discounts to deal with competition. Germany also reported a manufacturing PMI of 43.2 vs 43 expected and sentiment in the services sector dropped to a level of 49.2 where a level of 51.7 was expected. The survey reports uncertainty among panellists, with services providers highlighting fewer new orders from manufacturers. Falling goods production and a lack of incoming new work therefore remains a major drag on overall economic output. This indicates that Germany’s economy is still very much struggling and that a new government will have plenty of issues to deal with.RGTI has risen rapidly in value in recent days attracting the attention of investors. Here we have the 15-minute . Applying the Elliott Waves principle, the should find support in 5.89 – 7.07 area to complete a wave 4. This would generate a new rally on wave 5 that could reach around 8.94 – 10.25 or extend higher. RGTI 15 Min Chart 12.11.2024 In any case, as long as the market respects the 5.89 – 7.07 area, RGTI must continue with the upward movement and break above wave 3 to reach at least 8.94 – 10.25. If the market closes below 5.89, it would open the possibility that the value of the stock will drop to 4.00 before looking for another move higher. RGTI found support at 5.78 low and rallied. From here, we are looking to build an impulse structure as wave 5. Wave ((i)) could be completed already and while the pullback as wave ((ii)) is above 5.78 low, RGTI should continue higher. The target for this wave 5 comes in 9.11 -10.14 if there is not more extension in the rally.FBI Director Wray says he intends to resign before Trump takes office in January
Is The Trade Desk Stock a Buy Now?KLM Royal Dutch Airlines has made a significant leap toward more sustainable aviation with the successful deployment of a Taxibot on its first passenger flight from Amsterdam Schiphol Airport on December 10, the carrier announced in a press release . A KLM Boeing 737 was towed from the gate to the Polderbaan runway by an innovative tow vehicle, enabling the aircraft to keep its engines off until it reached the runway for takeoff. This marks a key milestone in KLM’s efforts to reduce carbon emissions and improve air quality at the airport. Amsterdam Schiphol Airport also posted the thrilling news on social media "X," referring to it as "a successful test." " At Schiphol, the first @KLM passenger flight was taken from the gate to the Polderbaan Runway by a Taxibot. By using a Taxibot, aircraft engines can stay off until departure. This contributes to better air quality and noise reduction on the apron, " the post wrote. KLM's ongoing commitment to sustainability A semi-robotic tow truck called the Taxibot is a component of the aviation industry's rising trend toward more environmentally friendly ground operations. The Taxibot helps minimize particle emissions, CO2, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) while reducing noise pollution on the apron by keeping the aircraft's engines off when taxiing, KLM explained the concept in the press release. This isn't KLM’s first foray into sustainable taxiing with the Taxibot. In May 2020, KLM conducted initial tests with the hybrid tow vehicle using a Boeing 737 at Schiphol Airport, Simple Flying previously reported . This test showed that the Taxibot might provide a more environmentally friendly option than conventional taxiing techniques, which include keeping aircraft engines running by drastically lowering emissions during the taxiing phase. However, Tuesday's flight is historic since it is the first time KLM has deployed the Taxibot on a commercial passenger aircraft with onboard passengers. The Dutch carrier only introduced Premium Comfort in 2022. How does the Taxibot work? The Taxibot may appear to be a typical airport tug at first appearance. Still, it is essentially different since the airplane's pilot controls it during taxiing instead of a ground staff member. KLM explained that the Taxibot tows the plane to the runway when it is connected to it at the gate. The pilot disengages the Taxibot and turns on the airplane's engines for departure as soon as they arrive at the runway. The Taxibot has more benefits than just lowering emissions. Compared to traditional taxiing with engines operating, it helps preserve the nose landing gear's lifetime, which is less strained. The Taxibot also helps to reduce noise pollution, especially in the airport apron area where conventional engine-powered taxiing may cause a lot of noise disturbances. Furthermore, by allowing aircraft to travel at up to 23 knots—much faster than usual taxi speeds—without requiring the engines to run, the Taxibot technology improves operating efficiency. In addition to providing significant fuel and maintenance cost savings, this makes the taxiing procedure easier and more effective. The technology was delivered to Amsterdam Schiphol Airport in March 2020, and Turkish leisure carrier Corendon Airlines conducted the first tests the following month. Before transferring the technology to its affiliate Transavia, KLM started testing it internally. A global trend towards sustainable taxiing KLM's use of the Taxibot is in line with an expanding trend in the aviation industry. Other airlines, such as Air India , are also using the technique to lower pollution and fuel usage at airports. According to a Simple Flying story from April 2023 , Air India and KSU Aviation have inked a deal to introduce Taxibot operations for its Airbus A320neo series of aircraft at the airports in Delhi and Bengaluru. SpiceJet and Air India Express were the first Indian airlines to implement the Taxibot on their Boeing 737 aircraft, and it has been in use since 2018. Since then, several Indian airlines, including IndiGo, GoAir, Air India, and AirAsia India, have also used their fleets of Airbus A320s to test sustainable technology.